“Research Park – er, I mean Regent Park…”
It was a telling slip in one resident’s lament about the degree of academic surveillance taking place in Regent Park, the low-income Toronto neighbourhood where public housing has been torn down and is being rebuilt as a mixed income community. Thousands of new condo and townhouse owners will be living alongside the original low-income tenants in the next decade.
It is a living lab, a natural social experiment that is too tempting for a city with three universities and several more within driving distance of it.
Professors, grad students and undergrad class projects have taken their toll on Regent Park residents, creating a research fatigue, just as the second and largest phase of the redevelopment at Regent Park is underway.
(See More below to see a short list of the research projects I know.)
“If another researcher knocks on my door again, I won’t be very polite when I answer it,” declared one resident.
Another long-time resident was puzzled by the attention, saying
Our neighbourhood is just like every other one. There are all kinds of people. It’s not related to income or our location. It’s just that we’re living in a fish bowl.”
However, a recent panel at University Toronto drew a packed house of academics, residents, community service providers and advocates. The interest in undeniable. Even the residents in attendance at Regent Park Research Panel: New Findings from the Field were active in the debate afterwards. The speakers, all graduate students, have spent long stretches in the community and so spoke with an authenticity generally welcomed by the audience.
Each spoke in turn on their area of study.
Ryan James, York University
Youth, Stigma, and Security in 1970s Regent Park
James, an Anthropology doctoral student with ties to the community, described a history of Childhood in Regent Park. One of the powerful points in his narrative was the vulnerability of local children and youth.
One young women explained, “Being poor almost meant that you have a target on your back for sexual predators.”
Gordon Stuckless of Maple Leaf Gardens notoriety was remembered in the community.
When the community rose up in defence of its children, a vein of “virulent homophobia” also erupted. This died down though, James explained, when gay rights activists held counter-demonstrations protesting that homosexuality did not equal pedophilia.
Sharon Kelly, University of Toronto
Navigating the road back home: The return of Regent Park Phase I residents
The next speaker, Sharon Kelly, also a doctoral student in Anthropology, embedded herself within the project unit which managed the moves required by residents as the redevelopment occurred.
“It was a place of hope,” she explained, decorated in bright colours and with fresh flowers, where residents, assigned by random draw, pored over floor plans to choose their new units. Higher floor or lower? North, south, east or west? Early project phase or later? In Regent Park or nearby? They lingered, ranking their first, second and third choices.
However, Kelly explained the site office was also a place of distrust, where residents worried about favouritism or grew weary of delays or frustrated their choices were not available. Some of the tensions were very real. Long-time residents were upset that a random draw meant that their length of tenure was not recognized. Or families and seniors, who were not able to meet shorter moving times, sometimes lost out to others who were more nimble.
Staff were sympathetic, but argued that the lottery system ensured impartiality, especially given the difficulty of evaluating and comparing competing needs. It was emotionally draining work, Kelly explained, and staff were forced to make decisions fast in order to keep up with the construction schedule.
A swap board was created so that tenants could negotiate changes among themselves. While well-intentioned but, Kelly did not hear of any viable trades made this way. What it did offer however was a sense of control that tenants welcomed.
When asked what some of the challenges, Kelly explained the biggest issue regarding complex work of resident relocation was the deceptively simple issue of communication. Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) was cognizant of this, she said, and, for instance, when they needed to contact residents, they knocked on doors instead of mailing letters.
The work goes on, as three more phases have to be completed.
Martine August, Planning, University of Toronto
From isolation to inclusion? Tenant experiences in Regent Park’s Phase II
The final speaker was Martine August, a doctoral student in Planning, working with Alan Walks to take a critical look at gentrification and mixed income neighbourhoods.
August began with a brief description of the development plans for Regent Park. Begun in 2002, the revitalization of the neighbourhood was set to happen in five phases through a Public Private partnership. Capital would be raised through the sale of private market, newly-built housing stock.
The first phase is now completed, and residents have returned to new homes. Once complete, only 19-20% of the housing will be Rent Geared to Income (RGI), down significantly from the original neighbourhood. While the overall number of low-income residents will stay approximately the same, as higher income people move in, their density will be decreased.
Arguments for why this is good, August explained, is that there is “presumed need to deconcentrate poor people” because they are isolated from good role models. The concentration of need, the argument goes, leads to negative outcomes; Cause and effect are being mixed, she argues. (Professor Jim Dunn’s work, see below, is also finding that the “role model” argument is based on weak evidence.)
In the public’s mind, mixed income neighbourhoods have emerged as an ideal without the supporting evidence.
At best, these arguments are offensive, August explains. At worst, it is used to justify gentrification, leading to the removal of homeless and other marginalized people. This framing re-stigmatizes poor people (in a similar way to how public housing was originally and purposefully built to be unattractive).
Discussions of renewal and mixed neighbourhoods “use the language of balance in service of exclusion,” August argues. It is an academic argument she wants to test.
To explore this further, August interviewed 32 households before they moved out (pre-phase 2) and 50 households who have moved back from phase 1.
Residents were enthusiastic about several things in Regent Park: central location, availability of services, walkablility, easy access to public transit, number of local ethnic grocery stores, parks, and places of worship. Residents described the benefits of living downtown and the vibrancy of the neighbourhood (all themes which are part of the marketing campaign for the new condos).
Residents also described the strong social ties and community connections they had with other tenants. “This doesn’t match the story of social isolation which is told about poor neighbourhoods,” August explained. Newcomers found each other, people borrowed from each other, kept care of each other’s children, celebrated together, were there for crisis support. Community members also were proud of their political activism, describing Regent Park as a place which hit above its weight because of the concentration of people together.
So, contrary to stereotypes, Regent Park is well-located, well-connected, well-served.
“Not that weren’t real problems,” August said. “First, being the state of repairs and maintenance of the buildings, pests, broken appliances, plaster crumbling, and poor common areas. And it’s not clear that redevelopment will improve this. Already residents are telling of problems in their units, falling glass, broken shelves, buckling floor boards. TCHC has a $6m cut to their repair budget”.
Drug activity is still reported, according to August, but the tenants tend to take the attitude that “but if you don’t bother them, then they won’t bother you.” Tenants also recognize that solving this issue is not simply a matter of getting “the bad guys out.” Brothers and sons are swept up in the crackdown, and the problem usually just shifts to a new location.
New design and new condos haven’t stopped these old problems.
Residents also report that stigma still an issue. although many resist the stereotypes. Something as simple as clothing reinforces class divisions within the new community.
Each new condo tower has achieved higher prices than one before.
August argues that if the purpose is to solve social problems, a market driven approach may not be the best way to address the issues.
As part of the redevelopment of Regent Park from a social housing development to mixed-income neighbourhood, four of the five apartment towers designed by Peter Dickinson are being demolished (one will be preserved for historical reasons). Constructed in 1958, the collection of Regent Park towers won a Silver Medal by the Massey Medals for Architecture in 1961. This is an image of the second tower being demolished. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
However the market forces are pressing forward. The number of condos have now gone from around 3000 to 5400 without much discussion.
This will have impact on many levels, including the political presence of tenants as gentrification shifts to the local demographics to more middle-class concerns. At this point, residents associations, like RPNI (see below), represent tenants. Condo associations are also emerging. There may be opportunities to bridge among these associations.When asked, August recounted a telling story from the Don Mount (now Rivertowne) re-development across the river from Regent Park. That smaller community has also undergone a “renewal” that mixes income groups into a single housing project. Low-income tenants there report that people in market-rent housing have been really dominating community meetings, focusing on issues such as safety and policing, noise and garbage collection. Tenants feel targeted in their own neighbourhood.
When Regent Park condo owners heard about local youth being targeted by police, they organized an information session for youth, to learn their rights. This “rights-based” approach, in contrast to “keep-your-head-down” approach, highlights the very different frame of experience that middle-income and low-income people use.
The evening ended with the promise to continue the discussion, finding opportunities to bring these findings to the people of Regent Park.
“Good people live there,” one tenant said in conclusion.
Academic research (since redevelopment began)
Sandra Bucerius, University of Toronto and Sara Thompson, Ryerson University on community resiliency
Jim Dunn, McMaster University, Regent Park Social Housing Redevelopment Project; Social Housing & Health Study, Report No. 1 (PDF)
Kevin Gosine, Brock University on students who struggle academically
Astrid Greaves, Urban Regeneration in Regent Park: Rebuilding the Social in Regent Park (thesis), Queen’s University, 2011
David Hulchanski,University of Toronto, The new Regent Park – Will it work?, (interview), 2009
Laura Johnson, University of Waterloo, multiple studies and Facebook group: I call RP home
Stefan Kipfer and Jason Petrunia, “Recolonization” and Public Housing: A Toronto Case Study, Studies in Political Economy, 2009
Ute Lehrer, Roger Keil, & Stefan Kipfer, York University, Reurbanization in Toronto: Condominium boom and social housing revitalization, 2010
Shawn Micallef, Regent Park: A Story of Collective Impact, Metcalf Foundation, 2013
Michelle Nicholson, Queen’s University, A Comparison of the RFP Procurement Processes for the Revitalization of Regent Park, 2012
Sejal Patel, School redesign and neighbourhood redevelopment: A study of educational success, families and equity, SSHRC grant, 2013
Daniel J. Rowe, McMaster University, Investigating the Effects of Tenure Mix in Toronto’s Regent Park Community (thesis), 2012
Jaihun Sahak, Ryerson University, Race, Space and Place: Exploring Toronto’s Regent Park from a Marxist perspective (thesis), 2009
Richard Schippling, Waterloo University, Public Housing Redevelopment: Residents’ Experiences with Relocation from Phase 1 of Toronto’s Regent Park Revitalization (thesis), 2007
Regent Park Community Health Centre, Research page
Wikipedia entry on the academic literature on Regent Park
Media focus
A loss close to the heart, Sandro Contenta, Toronto Star, May 19, 2007
Regent Park: Revitalization or gentrification?, Joanne Wong, Toronto Star, September 12, 2010
Regent Park revitalization: Has it created an “us versus them” dynamic?, Sara Thompson and Sandra Bucerius, June 16, 2012
Regent Park revitalization: Has it created an “us versus them” dynamic?
Residents
Belonging Community 